5 Physics English eBooks

Quantum Information Theory of Molecular States
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) : Methods, Analysis, and Research Insights
Photonic Crystals : Characteristics, Performance and Applications
Polymerized Ionic Liquids
Nanotoxicology: Experimental and Computational Perspectives

Quantum Information Theory of Molecular States
English | 2016 | ISBN: 1634852222 | 399 Pages | PDF | 8.4 MB
This book aims at the full information-theoretic (IT) description of the quantum electronic structure of molecular systems.
The Classical Information Theory (CIT) treatment of molecular systems deals with entropic descriptors of the electron probability distributions and the associated communication (probability-propagation) systems, e.g., the electronic channels in molecules reflecting the probability-information scattering via the system chemical bonds. This book emphasizes the need for a nonclassical (quantum) extension of this familiar CIT approach, within the Quantum IT (QIT) which additionally accounts for the (current/phase)-related contributions in appropriate measures of the resultant information content of electronic states. Several concepts and techniques of the ordinary CIT will be extended to cover such complex probability amplitudes (wave functions) of molecular QM. The classical and non-classical aspects of the system electronic structure will be revealed by the electronic probability and phase/current densities, respectively. Propagation of these fundamental distributions among the elementary events determining the structural resolution level in question will then define the associated "communications" in the molecular quantum information system.
This monograph emphasizes the entropic concepts due to the phase component of electronic states. The information terms generated by the particle probability and current distributions are accounted in the complementary Shannon and Fisher measures of the resultant entropy/information content of quantum states. Such generalized measures are required to distinguish the information content of wavefunctions exhibiting the same probability density but differing in their current composition. Similar generalization of the classical information-distance (entropy-deficiency) concept and of the molecular information channel itself, the basic concept of the Communication Theory of the Chemical Bond (CTCB), will also be established. In this combined "density-and-current" description the principle of the extreme overall information content can be used to determine the phase-equilibria of molecular systems, "vertical" and "horizontal", marking the extrema of the state nonclassical and resultant information content, respectively. These entropic rules give rise to the unitary phase-transformation of molecular wave functions. Thermodynamic analogies of these entropic equilibrium criteria are commented upon and the local phenomenological description of molecular states, in spirit of the ordinary irreversible thermodynamics, will be presented. The continuity equations for the state phase and resultant entropy are briefly explored and the corresponding flow concepts and the associated sources are established.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) : Methods, Analysis, and Research Insights
English | 2017 | ISBN: 1536103837 | 140 Pages | PDF | 6 MB
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy applies the principle that molecular vibrations can absorb infrared radiation in the range of the electromagnetic radiation. This book discusses methods and provides new research on FTIR. Chapter one reviews the advances in the analysis of biological systems by means of FTIR spectroscopy. Chapter Two studies the last advances of infrared spectroscopy applied to the analysis of lignocellulosic materials. Chapter Three presents the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, coupled with chemometric tools, to characterize organic matter transformations during the composting process. Chapter Four focuses on applications of FTIR spectroscopy in the wine industry.

Photonic Crystals : Characteristics, Performance and Applications
English | 2017 | ISBN: 1634859251 | 235 Pages | PDF | 37 MB
A photonic crystal fiber (also called microstructure fiber, holey fiber, holeassisted fiber, or micro-structured optical fiber, etc.) is a single material optical fiber which obtains its waveguide properties from an arrangement of very tiny and closely spaced airholes which go through the whole length of the fiber. Unlike the traditional fiber, both the core and cladding are made from the same material in PCFs and light can be well confined and guided properly through the fiber by the mechanism of either total internal reflection (TIR) or photonic band gap (PBG). This book discusses the characteristics, performance and applications of photonic crystals. Chapter One reviews the design characteristics and optical properties. Chapter Two studies band structure of metal/dielectric photonic crystals. Chapter Three describes the splitting method in multicore photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Chapter Four focuses on switches, isolators, circulators, and multifunctional components for optical and THz regions based on 2D photonic crystals with magneto-optical resonators.

Polymerized Ionic Liquids
English | 2017 | ISBN: 1782629602 | 562 Pages | PDF | 75.8 MB
The applications of ionic liquids can be enormously expanded by arranging the organic ions in the form of a polymer architecture. Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), also known as poly(ionic liquid)s or polymeric ionic liquids, provide almost all features of ionic polymers plus a rare versatility in design. The mechanical properties of the solid or solid-like polymers can also be controlled by external stimuli, the basis for designing smart materials.
Known for over four decades, PILs are a member of the ionic polymers family. Although the previous forms of ionic polymers have a partial ionicity, PILs are entirely composed of ions. Therefore, they offer a better flexibility for designing a responsive architecture as smart materials. Despite the terminology, PILs can be synthesized from solid organic ionic salts since the monomer liquidity is not a requirement for the polymerization process. Ionicity can also be induced to a neutral polymer by post-polymerization treatments.
This is indeed an emerging field whose capabilities have been somehow overshadowed by the popularity of ionic liquids. However, recent reports in the literature have shown impressive potentials for the future. Written by leading authors, the present book provides a comprehensive overview of this exciting area, discussing various aspects of PILs and their applications as smart materials. Owing to the novelty of this area of research, the book will appeal to a broad readership including students and researchers from materials science, polymer science, chemistry, and physics.

Nanotoxicology: Experimental and Computational Perspectives
English | 2017 | ISBN: 178262158X | 380 Pages | PDF | 15.8 MB
The rapid expansion of the nanotechnology field raises concerns, like any new technology, about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials. This book addresses the gaps relating to health and safety issues of this field and aims to bring together fragmented knowledge on nanosafety. Not only do chapters address conventional toxicity issues, but also more recent developments such as food borne nanoparticles, life cycle analysis of nanoparticles and nano ethics. In addition, the authors discuss the environmental impact of nanotechnologies as well as safety guidelines and ethical issues surrounding the use of nanoparticles. In particular this book presents a unique compilation of experimental and computational perspectives and illustrates the use of computational models as a support for experimental work. Nanotoxicology: Experimental and Computational Perspectives is aimed towards postgraduates, academics, and practicing industry professionals. This highly comprehensive review also serves as an excellent foundation for undergraduate students and researchers new to nanotechnology and nanotoxicology. It is of particular value to toxicologists working in nanotechnology, chemical risk assessment, food science, environmental, safety, chemical engineering, the biological sciences and pharmaceutical research.